Kɔrɔsilifɛn ɲuman sugandili walasa ka funteni caman-funteni wuli

1. Kuma daminɛ

Bi nɛgɛko, fɛn dilanni dɔnniya kɔrɔlenw, gilasi dilanni kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw, wari bilali tigitigi, ani kemikaliw dilanni minnu ka funteni ka bon, olu ka yɔrɔw la, minnu ka gɛlɛn, walima minnu ka ɲangili ka bon kosɛbɛ, i n’a fɔ izini bɔgɔlan. A bɛ kɛ i n’a fɔ nɛgɛ wulilenw, kɔgɔ wulilenw minnu bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn ye, ani seramiki wulilenw minnu saniyalen don kosɛbɛ, olu maralan fɔlɔ, min nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ, kurunba ka kan ka to ka baarakɛcogo funteni wulilenw muɲu minnu bɛ wuli ka tɛmɛ degere 1500 kan kosɛbɛ, k’a sɔrɔ a bɛ a jɔcogo dafalen mara, a ka masin sabatili dafalen, ani kemikaliw ka baarakɛbaliya degun kɔrɔ. Kɔrɔsilifɛn bɛnnen sugandili funteni baara kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen dɔ kama, o tɛ abada ɛntɛrinɛti baara nafama ye; fɛnw sugandili jugu bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka fɛnw jɔcogo dɛsɛ balawu la, nɛgɛ wulilenw bɔncogo faratilenw, foro tiɲɛni caman, ani batch nɔgɔli jugumanba min bɛ izini sɛnɛcogo bɛɛ tiɲɛ o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ.

Ikomi bi izini taabolo bɛ to ka taa a fɛ ka taa funteni hakɛ dantɛmɛnenw na, ka kemikɛli saniya wajibiyalenw gɛlɛnw wajibiya, ani ka kɛ sababu ye ka fɛnɲɛnɛmaw dilanni kɛ minnu bɛ ka juguya ka taa a fɛ, ka taa a fɛ, ka se ka fɛn fitininw dɔn minnu bɛ sɔrɔ fɛnw kɔnɔ, o kɛra ko bɛɛ la belebele ye nɛgɛko dɔnnikɛlaw ni baarakɛcogo injiniyɛriw bɛɛ bolo. Kɔrɔsilikɛlan bɛɛ bɛ ni fɛn kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen ye, min kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen don kosɛbɛ, min bɛ ni funteni, masinw ani kemikaliya cogoyaw ye minnu b’a jira ko a bɛnnen don tigitigi fɛn dilanni kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw na. Injiniyɛri dɔ mana nɛgɛ nafamaw wuli bololabaarakɛyɔrɔ fitinin dɔ kɔnɔ, ka superalloys minnu bɛ baara kɛ kosɛbɛ, olu dilan ka ɲɛsin aerospace turbine blades ma, walima ka safir boules kelen-cristale falen foro kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen dɔ kɔnɔ min bɛ kɛ ni vacuum ye, crucible sugandili bɛ ɲɛtaa laban walima dɛsɛ musaka caman fɔ. Nin barokunba in bɛ sugandili kunbabaw sɛgɛsɛgɛ, fɛnw suguyabaw, baarakɛcogo ɲumanw, ani izini-kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ka baarakɛcogo minnu bɛ baarakɛlaw bilasira u ka bɔgɔdaga ɲuman sugandili la funteni caman na.

2. Fɛn kolomaw minnu bɛ kɛ ka fɛnw sugandi minnu bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn ye

Sumaya cogoyaw ani funteni sɔgɔli kunbɛnni

Jateminɛ fɔlɔ min ka kan ka kɛ ni i bɛ funteni caman-kurun suguya o suguya jateminɛ, o ye a ka funteni baarakɛcogo ɲɛfɔlen ye. Kɔrɔsilikɛlan bɛnnen ka kan ka kɛ ni a wuliyɔrɔ ni a nɔgɔyacogo ye min ka bon kosɛbɛ ka tɛmɛ a kɔnɔna na, a wulilen charge (sara) baarakɛcogo funteni hakɛ dantɛmɛnen kan. Nka, ka kɛ ni wuliyɔrɔba ye, o dɔrɔn tɛ se ka kɛ fewu izini sigidaw la minnu ka gɛlɛn. Sumaya sɔgɔsɔgɔli-min ɲɛfɔlen don ko fɛn dɔ seko ka se ka funteni jiginni teliya, jugumanba muɲu k’a sɔrɔ a ma kari, ka sɔgɔsɔgɔ, walima ka tɔɔrɔ masin karilen balawu la-o fana nafa ka bon o cogo kelen na. Ni nɛnɛba dɔ donna yɔrɔnin kelen induction walima resistance foro la min bɛ mankan bɔ, walima ni fɛn wulilen dɔ bɛ bɔn a kɔnɔ walima ka bɔ a kɔnɔ joona, funteni jiginni belebelebaw bɛ bɔ teliya la bɔgɔdaga kogo belebelebaw kan. Fɛn minnu bɛ ni funteni bonya hakɛ dɔgɔman ye ani minnu ka funteni taabolo ka bon, i n’a fɔ grafite ni siliyɔmu karibidi kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw, olu ka fisa ni funteni sɛgɛsɛgɛli teliyalenw ye, k’a sɔrɔ ɔkisizɛni seramiki kelenw bɛ ni hakilijagabɔ ye, minnu bɛ kɔlɔsi kosɛbɛ dɔɔnindɔɔnin sani u ka sumaya, walasa ka funteni sɔgɔli dɛsɛ bali.

Chimique Compatibilité ani Reactivité

Ni funteni kɔrɔtalen don, kemikɛli thermodynamique b’a fɔ ko atomiw bɛ kɛ baarakɛtaw ye cogo kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen na, o bɛ dɔ fara kosɛbɛ kemikɛli walew sɔrɔli seko ni u taamacogo kan minnu bɛ kɛ charge molten ni crucible kɔnɔna kogo cɛ. Kɔrɔsilikɛlan min bɛ se ka kɛ ni kemikɛli ye, o bɛ se ka nɔgɔw bɔ a la minnu man ɲi, o bɛ se ka fɛnɲɛnɛmaw ka chimie caman Changer kosɛbɛ ani ka kuran walima masin nafaw tiɲɛ, k’a sɔrɔ fɛnɲɛnɛma juguman yɛrɛ bɛ se ka minɛn kogow tiɲɛ, k’u labɔ, walima k’u sɔgɔ, o bɛ na ni a jɔcogo tiɲɛni ye joona. O la, kemikɛliw ka bɛnkan faamuyali ye wajibi ye tigitigi. Asidi bɔgɔlanw, i n’a fɔ silika-lasi caman bɛ minnu na ani asidi sɔgɔlenw, olu bɛ asidi walima neutre minɛfɛnw de wajibiya i n’a fɔ kuran fuse walima alumini saniyalenba, k’a sɔrɔ flux basigilen barikamaw, dugukolo alkali nɛgɛw, ani nɛgɛ sɔgɔlenw bɛ fɛn basigilenw de wajibiya minnu tɛ se ka wuli i n’a fɔ manje walima zirkoni sabatilen pewu. Ni aw ye bɔgɔdaga sugandi min tɛ se ka baara kɛ ni kemikɛli ye, o bɛ a to fɛn laban min kɛra fɛn gɛlɛn ye, o saniya kemikaliya la ani a kɔnɔfɛn yɛrɛ ka baarakɛ waati janya.

3. Kurukurubaw ni u kɛcogo

Graphite ni Carbon-Based Crucibles

Graphite ni carbone-silisiyɔmu karibidi sirilenw bɛ kɛ ni bɔgɔdaga sugandili dɔw ye minnu bɛ baara kɛ kosɛbɛ ani minnu musaka ka dɔgɔn kosɛbɛ, fɛn dilanni baara caman na, nɛgɛso baara minnu tɛ{2}}nɛgɛ ye, ani nɛgɛso caman bɔli baarakɛyɔrɔw la. Graphite bɛ funteni minɛcogo danfaralen di, o b’a to funteni min bɛ bɔ foro la ka taa teliya la ani cogo kelen na ka taa charge solide la, o bɛ dɔ bɔ kosɛbɛ wuli waati bɛɛ lajɛlen na ani ka fanga bɛɛ lajɛlen dɔgɔya. Ka fara o kan, grafite bɛ ni masin fanga ye min ka bon kosɛbɛ ni funteni kɔrɔtalen don ani a bɛ se ka funteni-sɔgɔli kɛlɛ cogo kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen na, o b’a to a bɛ se ka fɛn dilanni gɛlɛnw muɲu. Grafite bɔgɔdaga bɛnnen don kosɛbɛ-kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenya la walasa ka nɛgɛ-basigilenw, nɛgɛ, nɛgɛ, aliminiyɔmu ani nɛgɛ nafama suguya caman wuli. Nka, ikomi karɔbɔli elemental ye dɔgɔyalan barikama ye, wa a bɛ oksidan sɔrɔ nɔgɔya la lamini fiɲɛ na ni funteni ka bon, a ka c’a la, o kurunw bɛ datugu ni kɛnɛma glaze kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ye minnu bɛ oksidan kɛlɛ walima u bɛ baara kɛ dɔrɔn fiɲɛw kɔnɔ minnu bɛ kɔrɔsi, fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw kɔnɔ, walima induction forow kɔnɔ walasa ka jɔli tiɲɛni bali ka kɔn a waati ɲɛ.

Alumini ni Ɔkisizɛni Seramiki Krusiw

Ni saniyalenba -sɔgɔli wajibiyalen don kosɛbɛ-i n’a fɔ nikɛri-based superalloys kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw labɛnni na, ɛntɛrinɛti seramiki kɔrɔlenw, nukliyɛri fɛnw, walima saniyalenba-laboratory analytical samples-oksidan seramiki crucibles ye izini sariya ye min tɛ sɔsɔ. Alumini (aluminiyɔmu ɔkisidi) saniyalenba -kurunw bɛ kemikaliya baarakɛbaliya ɲuman di, kuran siricogo ɲuman, ani oksidan kɛlɛli ka bon fo ka se degere 1800 ɲɔgɔn ma. Walasa ka sigida minnu ka gɛlɛn kosɛbɛ hali bi, minnu bɛ tali kɛ sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ basigilenw na, nɛgɛ minnu bɛ se ka wuli, walima kɔgɔ minnu bɛ sɔgɔsɔgɔ, manje (ɔkisidi magnɛsiyɔmu) walima yttria-zirkoni sabatilen bɔgɔlanw bɛ bila sen kan. Alumina bɔgɔlan min bɛ tasuma bɔ kosɛbɛ, min saniyalen don kosɛbɛ-, o bɛ a to a ka nɔgɔ ionique dɔgɔyalenba la, o b’a to a bɛ kɛ fɛn ye min ka di kosɛbɛ sɛgɛsɛgɛlikɛlaw, nɛgɛko dɔnnikɛlaw ani fɛnw dɔnnikɛlaw cɛ minnu tɛ se ka nɛgɛ nɔgɔlenw muɲu dɔrɔn u ka sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛw la minnu ka jugu kosɛbɛ.

Metal Crucibles minnu bɛ se ka wuli

Ni ultra-funteni camanba-funteni wulicogo minnu bɛ tɛmɛ pewu laadala seramiki ni grafite baarakɛcogo danw kan, nɛgɛdaga minnu tɛ se ka wuli, olu nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ. Fɛn minnu bɛ kɛ i n’a fɔ platini, molibdɛni, tungsten ani tantalum, olu dilannen don ka kɛ bɔgɔdaga dilanni ye min bɛ baara kɛ kosɛbɛ, walasa ka izini kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ni ɲinini baara ɲɛnamaw kɛ. Platinum bɔgɔlanw bɛ baara kɛ diɲɛ bɛɛ kɔnɔ ɲɛkisɛw dilanni na, funteni sɛgɛsɛgɛli minɛnw dilanni na, ani ɲɛnayeli ni laser fɛnw labɛnni na minnu saniyalen don kosɛbɛ-k’a sababu kɛ u bɛ se ka oksidan caman kɛ ni funteni caman ye ani ka kemikɛli binkanni kɛ ni fɛnɲɛnamafagalan caman ye. O waati kelen na, tungsten ni molibdɛni bɔgɔlanw nafa ka bon nɛgɛw wulicogo la minnu tɛ se ka wuli, nukiliya fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw, ani safir kelen-kristali kelen walima siliyɔmu boules semiconducteurs falenni, hali n’a ka c’a la, u bɛ gazi minɛyɔrɔ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw de wajibiya minnu bɛ kɛ ni vacuum walima inert ye walasa ka oksidan teliya, balawu bali-funteni caman na.

4. Ka bɔgɔdagaw bɛn ni sɔgɔli baara kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ye

Melting Non-Ferrous Alloys ani Nɛgɛ nafamaw

Baarakɛyɔrɔ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen bɛ fɛnw wajibiyalen danfaralenw fɔ nɛgɛso minnu tɛ -nɛgɛ ye ani nɛgɛ nafamaw dilanyɔrɔw. Ni sanu, warijɛ, platini, paladiyɔmu, walima nɛgɛ-sɛnɛfɛnw wulilen don, baarakɛcogo haminanko fɔlɔw ye nɛgɛ bɔnɛni ye nɛgɛ bɔli fɛ, oksidan tali fɛ, ani kemikɛli nɔgɔli fɛ min man ɲi. Bɔgɔ-grafite walima siliyɔmu karibidi bɔgɔlanw bɛ sugandi tuma caman na walasa ka nɛgɛ, nɛgɛ ani nɛgɛ caman wuli k’a sababu kɛ u ka masin muɲuli ye ani u ka funteni baarakɛcogo ɲuman ye. Ni nɛgɛ nafamaw sɔrɔli ni sɛgɛsɛgɛli sɛgɛsɛgɛli laboratuwaraw saniyalen don kosɛbɛ, tasuma bɔgɔ walima silisi fusili laboratuwaraw minnu saniya ka bon-, olu ye sariya ye. Nin baara nɔgɔlen ninnu na, minnu nafa ka bon-, bɔgɔdaga ka kan ka kɛ ni kɔnɔna yɔrɔ nɔgɔlen ye, min tɛ -porow ye, min bɛ kɛ ni galasi ye walasa nɛgɛ nafama wulilenw ka jikuru fitininw bali ka nɔrɔ kudayi kogow la, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka nɛgɛ sɔrɔcogo caman sɔrɔ a bɔn waati la.

Seramik, Glass ani Metal Reactive (Nɛgɛ minnu bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn ye) ɲɛtaa

Fɛn dilanni siratigɛ la, i n’a fɔ sanfɛla injiniyɛri, ɛntɛrinɛti, ani gilasi kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw dilanni, jirisunw wulicogo bɛ to ka sigidaw sɔrɔ minnu ka jugu kosɛbɛ, minnu ka jugu kosɛbɛ. Titaniyɔmu, zirkoniyɔmu, walima ɛntɔrɔpi kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw sɔgɔli bɛ kɛ ni bɔgɔlan ye min tɛna kɛ ni charge molten ye kemikaliya siratigɛ la walasa ka nɛgɛw ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw dilan minnu bɛ kari, minnu man ɲi. Yan, fɛɛrɛ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw i n’a fɔ nɛnɛ-kogo induction melting (a bɛ fɔ o ma tuma caman ko kungolo wulicogo) bɛ baara kɛ ka ɲɛ, yɔrɔ min na, nɛgɛdaga min nɛnɛna ni ji ye, o bɛ nɛgɛ gɛlɛn yɛrɛ ka "kungolo" sɔgɔlen finman, nɛnɛlen mara i n’a fɔ a minɛcogo barika yɛrɛ, ka kemikɛli jɛɲɔgɔnya ban pewu sɔgɔli ni minɛn kogo cɛ. Walasa ka gilasi wuli ani ka kristalɛ ɲɛnama falen, platini walima iridiyɔmu saniyalenba-bɔgɔlanw bɛ sugandi walasa ka kulɛri santiriw bali minnu man ɲi, bugunw sɔrɔli, walima kemikɛlifɛnw bɔli min bɛna fɛn laban ka ɲɛnayeli cikanw tiɲɛ.

5. Ladonni, a minɛcogo ani a baarakɛcogo ɲumanw

Sani-So funteni ni sɔgɔli protocoles

Hali ni kurunba min ka bon kosɛbɛ, n’a sɔngɔ ka bon kosɛbɛ, o bɛ se ka dɛsɛ kosɛbɛ ni a kɛra ni a minɛcogo jugu ye walima ni a kɛra teliya la ka baara kɛ ni funteni ye. Ji minɛni ye jugu fɔlɔ ye, min tɛ kuma, min bɛ sɔrɔ minɛnw na minnu tɛ se ka tasuma bɔ ani minnu bɛ se ka kɛ seramiki ye; ji molekilɛri mikroskɔpiki minnu sirilen don kosɛbɛ poroze mikorostructure kɔnɔ, olu bɛ se ka bonya joona ka kɛ degunba-tansiyɔn waji ye ni u sumana, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka kurunba kari, ka sɔgɔsɔgɔ, walima ka kari ni fanga ye foro kɔnɔ. O la, sariya gɛlɛn minnu bɛ kɛ ka kɔn -so funteni ɲɛ-, minnu ka teli ka kɛ ni funteni jiginni hakɛw ye minnu bɛ kɛ dɔɔnin dɔɔnin, minnu bɛ kɔlɔsi kosɛbɛ fo ka se degere 200 ma, ka tugu funteni sumaya sabatilen kɔ-, olu ye wajibi ye kosɛbɛ sanni ka seramiki walima bɔgɔlan sirilen si lase baarakɛcogo funteni dafalen ma. O baarakɛcogo kelen ka kan ka kɛ nɛnɛ waatiw la walasa ka funteni sɔgɔli karilenw bali minnu bɛ sɔrɔ jikuru teliya fɛ, ka foro datugulanw da wuli ka kɔn a waati ɲɛ, walima ka bɔgɔdaga funtenimanw bila bɛton duguma nɛnɛmanw kan.

Sɛgɛsɛgɛli, saniya ani marali laadilikanw

Ka baara kɛta ɲɛnamaya ni a lakanani caya -funteni caman na, o bɛ ladonni kɛcogo gɛlɛnw de wajibiya, minnu bɛ kolo. Baarakɛlaw ka kan ka sɛgɛsɛgɛli ɲumanw kɛ ni ɲɛnayeli ye ani minnu tɛ -tiɲɛni ye sani u ka wulicogo kelen-kelen bɛɛ ka kɛ, ka a lajɛ kosɛbɛ ni kunsigiw karilen don, ni kogow ka fin sigida la, ni kemikɛliw ka sɔgɔsɔgɔ, walima ni sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛw bɛ ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ. Kurukuruw ka kan ka saniya ni masin ye walima ni kemikɛli ye fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ walasa ka sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ tolenw bɔ minnu bɛ se ka ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ kosɛbɛ ni charges nataw ye. Ka fara o kan, a maracogo ɲuman sigida jalenw na, minnu bɛ waati{5}}kɔlɔsi, o nafa ka bon walasa ka ji dalajɛli bali baarakɛbaliya waatiw la. Ni u bɛ tugu nin baarakɛcogo kolomaw la kosɛbɛ, yɔrɔw bɛ baarakɛlaw lakana kosɛbɛ, ka fɛnw minɛcogo tiɲɛniw bali minnu musaka ka bon, ani ka u ka funteni baara minnu bɛ kɛ ni funteni caman ye, olu musaka bɛɛ lajɛlen-nafa ɲuman kɛ.

6. Kuncɛli

Ka bɔgɔdaga ɲuman sugandi walasa ka funteni caman wuli, o ye ɛntɛrinɛti latigɛ ye min nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ, min bɛ kɛ ni fɛɛrɛ ye kosɛbɛ, min bɛ nɔ bila fɛn dilannenw ka ɲumanya la, baarakɛcogo lakanani na, fanga sɔrɔcogo ɲuman na, ani fɛn dilanni sɔrɔko bɛɛ lajɛlen na. K’a ta laadala grafite ni siliyɔmu karibidi fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw na minnu bɛ kɛ fɛn dilannikɛyɔrɔw la minnu tɛ-nɛgɛ ye, ka se alumina saniyalenba-minɛnw ma ani nɛgɛ minɛnw minnu tɛ se ka wuli, minnu bɛ baara kɛ ɲinini ɲɛtaa ni sanfɛla dilanni na, bɔgɔdaga suguya kelen-kelen bɛɛ bɛ na ni balansi danfaralen ye funteni, masin ani kemikaliya cogoyaw la tabali kan. Ni u ye fɛnw jateminɛ koɲuman i n’a fɔ baarakɛcogo funteni hakɛ min ka bon, funteni sɔgɔsɔgɔli, kemikaliya bɛnkan ni charge wulilen ye, ani ka sariya gɛlɛnw waleya ka kɔn -su funteni ni ladonni ɲɛ, ɛntɛrinɛti injiniyɛriw bɛ se ka a lajɛ ko a bɛ se ka da a kan, min tɛ mɔgɔ tɔɔrɔ. Ikomi izini nɛgɛko ni fɛn dilanni dɔnniya bɛ ka taa ɲɛ teliya la, jɛɲɔgɔnya gɛlɛn faamuyali min bɛ sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ chimie ni bɔgɔdaga baarakɛcogo cɛ, o bɛna to seko jɔnjɔn ye walasa ka ɲɛtaa sɔrɔ funteni caman na.