Boehmite 101: Kristali jɔcogo, a nafaw ani a minɛcogo

1. Kuma daminɛ

Boehmite, min bɛ dɔn kemikaliya siratigɛ la ko aliminiyɔmu ɔkisidi idɔrɔkisidi (AlO(OH)), jɔlen bɛ i n’a fɔ fɛn basigilen, min bɛ mɔgɔ ɲɛnajɛ kosɛbɛ, ani min bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn caman na, aliminiyɔmu ɔkisizɛni denbayaba kɔnɔ. Hali n’a bɛ se ka dɔn a daminɛ na dugukoloko dɔnnikɛlaw ni minɛnko injiniyɛriw fɛ dɔrɔn ko a ye bokisiti minɛn gansan ye min bilalen bɛ aliminiyɔmu nɛgɛ bɔli laada la Bayer fɛɛrɛ fɛ, boehmite jiginna san tan damadɔ tɛmɛnenw kɔnɔ ka kɛ kemikɛli kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen ye min nafa ka bon-, ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka fɛn caman kɛ, ani fɛn min bɛ se ka baara kɛ ka ɲɛ a yɛrɛ la. A jɔcogo kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw, a ka funteni sabatili kabakoma, a sanfɛla chimie min bɛ se ka ladilan kosɛbɛ, ani a sigida laminiko ɲuman, o y’a bila ɲɛfɛ tigitigi bi izini baarakɛcogo la, k’a ta petoroli saniyali ni sigida labɛnni na ka se litiyamu-ion batiri lakanani yɔrɔw tigɛlenw ma ani polimɛri nanokompozitiw ma minnu bɛ baara kɛ kosɛbɛ.

Boehmite faamuyali bɛ ɲini ka kɛ fɛn caman na, dɔnniya siratigɛ la, a bɔyɔrɔ minɛnko, atomi-nivo kristalɛ cogoya, thermodynamique kɛcogo, ani physicochimique cogoya danfaralenw. Ikomi bi fɛn dilanni iziniw bɛ ka fɛn kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ɲini ka taa a fɛ minnu bɛ se ka baarakɛyɔrɔ gɛlɛnw muɲu, ka diɲɛ lakana sariya gɛlɛnw labato, ani ka baarakɛcogo ɲuman di, boehmite ye kalanko ɲininikɛlaw, fɛn dilanni dɔnnikɛlaw ani izini dilannikɛlaw bɛɛ hakili sama kosɛbɛ. Nin barokunba in bɛ boehmite lajɛba dɔ di, min ka dun, a dafalen don, k’a ka dugukoloko sɔrɔcogo sɛgɛsɛgɛ kosɛbɛ, a ka kristalɛ orthorhombique jɔcogo gɛlɛn, a farikolo ni kemikaliya kɛcogo nafamaw, ani a ka bi izini baarakɛcogo suguya caman minnu b’a ka sɔrɔko ni fɛɛrɛbɔ nafa banbali sabati diɲɛ fɛnw sɔrɔko la.

2. Boehmite ka minɛnko ni u sɔrɔli cogoya la

Dugukoloko cogoya ani a sigicogo

Boehmite ye fɛnɲɛnamafagalan filanan ye min jɛnsɛnnen don kosɛbɛ, a bɛ sɔrɔ kosɛbɛ bokisitiw kɔnɔ, minnu bɛ kɛ diɲɛ jagokɛyɔrɔ fɔlɔ ye, aliminiyɔmu nɛgɛ ni aliminiyɔmu-kɛmikɛlifɛn suguya caman. A bɛ sɔrɔ fɔlɔ ni aliminiyɔmu-fara minnu bɛ ni silikati faraw ye, olu minnu bɛ ni silikati ye, ani minnu bɛ kɛ ni tasuma ye walima minnu bɛ ɲɔgɔn falen, waati dumanw na, yɔrɔ minnu ka timi ani minnu ka timi, walima a bɛ sɔrɔ cogo wɛrɛ la, ni aluminosilikati minɛn fɔlɔw caman cili ye, jisuma walima diyajenitiki jugumanw ka dugukoloko mara kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw kɔnɔ. Bokisiti jɔli belebele caman na diɲɛ kɔnɔ, boehmite bɛ sigi ɲɔgɔn fɛ kosɛbɛ ni aluminiyɔmu idɔrɔkisidi ni ɔkisidi wɛrɛw ye, minnu ka ca ni gibsite (Al(OH)3) ani diaspore (AlO(OH)) ye. Boehmite caya danfaralen, a kristali, ani a tilatilali yɔrɔ la bokisiti sɔrɔyɔrɔ kɔnɔ, o bɛ kɛ sɔrɔko ni fɛɛrɛko taamasiyɛn nafamaw ye jagokɛminɛnw bɔli baara la, bawo boehmite bɛ funteni, degun ani sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ sɛnɛcogo gɛlɛnw de wajibiya kosɛbɛ izini Bayer baarakɛcogo senfɛ ni i y’a suma ni gibsite ye, o bɛ nɔ bila tigitigi iziniw dilanni na, fanga tacogo, ani baarakɛcogo sɔrɔko bɛɛ lajɛlen na.

Identification ani Crystallography (Kristallografi) ye

Minɛriw siratigɛ la, boehmite fɔlɔla ka dɔn ani ka ɲɛfɔ dɔnniya siratigɛ la san kɛmɛ mugannan daminɛ na, a laban na, a tɔgɔ dara Alemaɲi kemikɛla ŋana Johannes Böhm kan, min ye sigicogo kalan fɔlɔ kɛ aluminiyɔmu idɔrɔkisidi suguya caman kan ni X-ray difraction fɛɛrɛ fɔlɔw ye. Sigida la, boehmite man teli ka sɔrɔ i n’a fɔ kristalɛ kelen makɔrɔskɔpiki belebelebaw, minnu dilannen don koɲuman, minnu bɛ se ka lajɛ nɔgɔya la bolo fɛ walima ka bɔ ɲɔgɔn na ni masin ye; o nɔ na, ​​a ka c’a la, a bɛ jira i n’a fɔ mikrokirisitalini faralenw, dugukolomafɛnw, bɔgɔ-i n’a fɔ matiriyali yɔrɔw, walima lakanani finimugu finmanw-kisɛw bokisiti fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw kɔnɔ ani lateritiki profilw kɔnɔ. Sɛgɛsɛgɛli fɛɛrɛ kɔrɔw, i n’a fɔ mugu X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ani Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), olu nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ a dɔnni ni a hakɛ jateminɛni na tigitigi, bawo a farikolo cogoya bɛ se ka bɔgɔdaga wɛrɛw ladege nɔgɔya la ani aluminiyɔmu idɔrɔkisidiw. A tilatilali dafalen faamuyali bɛ dugukoloko dɔnnikɛlaw dɛmɛ ka bokisiti bɔyɔrɔ kariti kɛ ka ɲɛ ani ka minɛnko injiniyɛriw dɛmɛ u ka se ka fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw-baarakɛcogo ɲumanw ɲɛnabɔ diɲɛ aliminiyɔmu dilanyɔrɔw bɛɛ kɔnɔ.

3. Boehmite ka kristalɛ jɔcogo

Orthorhombique Cristalline Kalansenw

Atomu ta la, boehmite ka kristali jɔcogo bɛ ɲɛfɔ ni orthorhombique lattice system ye, a ka c’a la, a bɛ kɛ yɔrɔ kulu Cmcm kɔnɔ. Boehmite kɔnɔna jɔcogo jɔnjɔn bɛ Kɛ ni sɛbɛn fila walima octahedre layɛrɛw ye, yɔrɔ min na cɛmancɛ aluminiyɔmu ion kelen-kelen bɛɛ bɛ ɲɔgɔn Dòn simetriki la ni oksizɛni ni hidroksili ion wɔɔrɔ ye minnu bɛ u lamini. O sɛbɛn janyalenw kɔnɔ, oksizɛni atomuw ni hidroksili kuluw labɛnna cogo la min ka bon, min ka surun, ka surunya-da la, k’a sɔrɔ aliminiyɔmu ionw bɛ u ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ yɔrɔw minɛ minnu bɛ wele ko octahedral interstitial sites. Boehmite ka kristalɛ latice jɔcogo ni funteni-ko ɲɛfɔlen dɔ ye hidrɔzɛni jɛɲɔgɔnya barikamaw ka rezo belebeleba ye, min sigilen don kosɛbɛ, minnu bɛ baara kɛ k’a ɲɛsin octahedral sɛbɛnfura kɛrɛfɛtaw ma. O idɔrɔzi sirili barikama in bɛ jɔli karamɔgɔya minɛ ɲɔgɔn na kosɛbɛ, ka masin gɛlɛya, kemikɛli kɛlɛli, ani funteni sabatili ka bon kosɛbɛ ni i y’a suma ni aluminiyɔmu idɔrɔkisidiw ye i n’a fɔ gibsite, minnu bɛ jirisunw ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ jɛɲɔgɔnya fanga barika dɔgɔya kosɛbɛ.

Jateblaw ni Polymorphes (Polymorphes) ka ɲɔgɔn sangali

Boehmite ni diaspore ka kemikɛli stoikiometri ye kelen ye tigitigi, u fila bɛɛ bɛ jate aluminiyɔmu ɔkisidi hidrɔkisidiw ye ni formula empiriki AlO(OH) ye, o bɛɛ n’a ta, u bɛ kristali kɛ kristalɛ sigidaw la minnu tɛ kelen ye pewu-boehmite bɛ ni orthorhombique structure ye, k’a sɔrɔ diaspore bɛ kristalize kɛ monoclinic system kɔnɔ. O jɔcogo caman-caman in bɛ na ni farikolo-ɲɛnajɛ-yɔrɔw, cleavage planes, hardness values ​​ani thermodynamique kɛcogo danfaraba ye. O tɛmɛnen kɔ, n’i y’a suma ni trihydroxide mineral gibbsite (Al(OH)3) ye k’a ɲɛsin a ma, boehmite kɔnɔ, ji jɔcogo ka dɔgɔn kosɛbɛ aluminiyɔmu atomu kelen na. O danfara jɔnjɔnw bɛ kɛ ni kristali ye, olu de bɛ a jira cogo min na fɛnɲɛnamafagalan kelen-kelen bɛɛ bɛ jaabi di funteni furakɛli ma, ka nɔ bila fasa jiginni kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw na, minnu bɛ tugu ɲɔgɔn na, minnu bɛ kɛ ni o fɛnw kɛra funteni caman na izini kalifɛnw na, seramiki forow kɔnɔ, walima laboratuwari funteni sɛgɛsɛgɛli minɛnw kɔnɔ.

4. Boehmite ka farikolo-ɲɛnajɛ-ko

Sumaya ni funteni-taamacogo

Boehmite ka jogo minnu nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ ani minnu bɛ nafa sɔrɔ jago siratigɛ la, olu dɔ ye a ka funteni kɛcogo ye min bɛ se ka fɔ ka ɲɛ, min sɛbɛnnen don kosɛbɛ. Ni boehmite kɛra funteni ye min bɛ taa ɲɛ, a bɛ fasa caman tigɛli gɛlɛnw kɛ, minnu bɛ endothermique kosɛbɛ. Ni funteni bɛ wuli ka tɛmɛ degere 300 ɲɔgɔn kan fo ka se degere 500 ɲɔgɔn ma, kristalɛ latice b’a ka hidroksili kuluw bɔn minnu sirilen don u jɔcogo la i n’a fɔ ji sanuman, ka wuli cogo labɛnnen na ka kɛ tɛmɛsira alumina suguya caman ye, i n’a fɔ gama-alumina, delta-alumina, ani theta-alumina, sanni laban ka kɛ ka wuli ka kɛ alfa-alumina sabatilen ye ni funteni ka bon kosɛbɛ min tɛmɛna degere 1100 kan. Nin farikolojidɛsɛ kɛcogo in, n’o farala a seko kan ka ji sanuman bɔ lafiya la funteni degun kɔrɔ, o bɛ boehmite kɛ funteni barikalan danma ye ani ka kɛ tasumafagalan ye min tɛ{11}}toxic, eco-terikɛ tasuma-retardant ye, polimɛri ni ɛntɛrinɛti baara kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw kama.

Surface Chimie ani Reactivité (Surface chimie) ani a ka baarakɛcogo

Boehmite bɛ dugukolo sanfɛla chimie kabakoma jira, min bɛ dɔn ni dugukolo yɔrɔ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen ye min ka bon kosɛbɛ, kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenya la n’a kɛra jisuma sanjiko sira kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw fɛ walasa ka nano-bonya fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw, fibre cristals, walima colloidal boehmite sols dilan. Boehmite sintetiki fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw sanfɛla falen don kosɛbɛ ni hidroksili kuluw ye minnu bɛ se ka baara kɛ, o bɛ anfɔtɛri cogoya danfaralen di a ma min b’a to a bɛ se ka jɛɲɔgɔnya ɲuman kɛ ni asidi ni basiki kemikɛli suguya fila bɛɛ ye jilama kɔnɔ. Jilamaw la, boehmite bɛ se ka kolosinsinnanw dilan minnu sabatilen don, minnu bɛ yeelen bɔ, o ye nafa ye min bɛ baara kɛ kosɛbɛ sol-gel baarakɛcogo ɲɛtaa siraw la fɛɛrɛko seramikiw kama, lakanani finiw, ani membrane dilanni na. O kolosinsinnan kɛcogo kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw, n’u farala ɲɔgɔn kan ni fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw cogoyaw ye minnu bɛ se ka tunu kosɛbɛ, k’a ta plate-like kristalɛw la ka se fibreus needles ma minnu ka aspect-ratio ka bon, olu b’a to fɛn dɔnnikɛlaw bɛ se ka boehmite sɛmɛntiya walasa ka rheological control laɲinitaw kɛ, ka adsorption capacités yiriwa, ani katalizi hɛtɛrojɛni baarakɛcogo caman.

5. Industriw ka nafa ani bi baarakɛcogo

Aluminisi kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ni kataliziw ɲɛbila

Boehmite bɛ kɛ izini ɲɛbilafɛn ye min nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ, ka ɲɛsin aluminiw dilanni ma minnu ka saniya ka bon, minnu ka ca ni tɔw ye, minnu ka ca ni gama-alumina ye. O tɛmɛsira alumina ninnu bɛ ni porosité danma ye, u jɔcogo dafalen don, ani u yɔrɔ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ka bon, o b’a to u ye katalisita dɛmɛnan fɔlɔw ye minnu bɛ kɛ ka caya petoroli saniya jiko la, mobili katalitiki fɛn caman tigɛli la, ani kemikɛli sintezi wale gɛlɛnw na. Ni u ye sanjiko hakɛw, kɔrɔya cogoyaw, ani boehmite ɲɛbilafɛnw ka jisuma baarakɛcogo kɔlɔsi koɲuman, kemikɛli dilannikɛlaw bɛ se ka poroze hakɛ, poro hakɛ danmadɔ tilatilali, masinw ka sɔgɔli fanga, ani asidi sanfɛla yɔrɔw labɛn ka ɲɛ walasa ka bi katalizi hɛtɛrojɛni ka ɲinini gɛlɛnw dafa.

Baarakɛcogo kɔrɔlenw fanga maracogo la

San laban ninnu na, boehmite ye baarakɛcogo dɔ sɔrɔ min bɛ ka bonya joona, min bɛ se ka kɛ ni fɛɛrɛ kuraw ye diɲɛ fanga marali siratigɛ la, kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenya la, a kɛra finimugu kɔrɔlen ye min bɛ kɛ ka danfaralanw dilan litiyamu-ion ni sodiyɔmu-ion batiriw kɔnɔ. K’a sababu kɛ a ka funteni sabatili ka bon, a ka kuran tangacogo ɲuman, tasuma-retardant nature, ani kemikaliya inertness, ultra-fine synthétique boehmite mugu bɛ datugu i n’a fɔ seramiki layini finman polimɛri batiri faranfasilanw kan. Nin lakanani fini min tɛ fɛnɲɛnama ye, o bɛ danfaralanw dɔgɔyali, kɔnɔna kurukuruniw, ani funteni bolicogo bali baarakɛcogo degunba-funteni na, chargement over, walima nail-doncogo la, o la, a bɛ kuran mɔbili batiriw, grid-scale fanga marayɔrɔw, ani ɛntɛrinɛti minɛn minnu bɛ se ka ta, olu lakanani, u dannaya ani u si hakɛ caya kosɛbɛ.

Tasuma-fanga-bɔli ani Nanomateriel Sintezi

Kuwati marali ni katalizi kɔfɛ, boehmite bɛ baara kɛ ka caya i n’a fɔ tasuma-fanga-minɛn min tɛ sigida la, halojeni- tɛ tasuma-fanga-minɛn ye, ɛntɛrinɛti plastikiw kɔnɔ minnu bɛ baara kɛ kosɛbɛ, ciriw ka laminati sɛbɛnnenw, ani jɔlifɛn kɔrɔw. Ni a donna polimɛriw kɔnɔ ni fasa doni caman ye, a ka jibɔyɔrɔ endotɛrimi bɛ lamini funteni minɛ ani ka gazi pirolisi jenitaw dilan tasumako dɔ senfɛ. Ka fara o kan, boehmite nanoparticules synthétiques bɛ bila sen kan kosɛbɛ i n’a fɔ fasa fangamaw polimɛri nanokompozitiw kɔnɔ, scratch-resistant optical coatings, ani seramiki filtration membranes, o b’a jira ko o fɛnɲɛnamafagalan in jiginni kabakoma kɛra ka bɔ minɛnko fɛn jɔnjɔn na ka kɛ fɛɛrɛ kɔrɔlen ye min bɛ bi fɛɛrɛbɔ ɲɛtaa bila senkan.

6. Kuncɛli

Boehmite (AlO(OH)) ye a ka laadala ɲɛfɔli tɛmɛn ka ɲɛ, n’o ye bokisi nɔgɔ ye min t’a fɛ dɔrɔn walima minɛnko kɔfɛfɛn min bɛ kɛ tuma bɛɛ, walasa ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn ye. A ka kristalɛ orthorhombique jɔcogo kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen, min bɛ dɔn ni hidrɔzɛni jɛɲɔgɔnya barikama ye, o bɛ funteni sabatili danfaralen di ani fasa jiginni siraw minnu bɛ se ka fɔ ka ɲɛ kosɛbɛ. Ni a farala a ka dugukolo yɔrɔ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenba kan, a ka dugukolo sanfɛla kemikaliya, ani a ka kolosinsinnan cogoya caman, boehmite bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka fɛɛrɛko ɲɛtaa nafamaw kɛ izini suguya caman kɔnɔ. K’a ta a kɛli la i n’a fɔ katalisita dɛmɛnanw ɲɛbila fɔlɔ min bɛ baara kɛ kosɛbɛ, ka se ka kɛ lakana dacogo kɔrɔba ye bi litiyamu-ion batiriw kɔnɔ ani tasumafagalan min bɛ se ka kɛ eco-terikɛ ye polimɛri sintetikiw kɔnɔ, boehmite bɛ misali di cogo min na, fɛnɲɛnɛma jɔnjɔnw bɛ taa a fɛ ka kokuradonni bila senkan ani k’u bila senkan bi izini diɲɛ kɔnɔ.